Mutual insurance (English Mutual insurance) - one of the organizational forms of insurance protection. Mutual insurance is based on an agreement between a group of individuals and legal entities for damages incurred as a result of random events, at the expense of the insurance fund, which is formed from the contributions of participants in a mutual insurance [1] [2]. When mutual insurance each insurer is also a member of the insurance company.Content
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Mutual insurance as a method of creating insurance products
2 Development of mutual insurance as a method of creating insurance products
3 History
4 Mutual insurance under current conditions
5 Mutual Insurance in Russia
6 Notes
7 Literature
8 See also
[Edit] Mutual insurance as a method of creating insurance products
Mutual insurance is also one of three methods for creating insurance products (in addition to self-insure and commercial insurance), which were developed in the course of economic development of human society.Characteristic features of the method of mutual insurance at the present stage of development:
- Union insured funds in a specially created organization, the insurer for the insurance of their own property interests by the layout of damage to each other;
- Formation of the insurance fund by contributions of each member of the community interested in the insured as a joint property of all members;
- Absence of each insured separately sole right to dispose of the fund and its use;
- Availability of the rights and obligations of insurers to participate in the management, disposal of the fund and the use of the fund;
- The presence of each of the insurers liability for obligations associated with the creation of insurance products at the expense of the fund;
- Allocation of liability for obligations associated with the creation of insurance products, as between the insurer and its policyholders.
When mutual insurance each person (legal or natural) for the insurance of property interests together their material resources with those of others with a similar intention in regard to their own vested interests. This association is based on the agreement of the participants that in order to create insurance products they are complicit in their own means of shaping the insurance fund.
The right of ownership of each of the insured (ie, each participant created community) to make to the fund money is converted to a right of joint ownership of the community insured by means of this fund. This leads to the right of the insured to participate in the creation of insurance products (ie, in the formation of the insurance fund, the management and disposal of them) together with other insurers. The existence of these rights leads to the presence of each of the insured liability insurance liabilities community, he is jointly and severally with other insurers (community members). Thus, the principle of reciprocity is manifested through reciprocal rights to the insurance fund and a mutual responsibility for obligations related to the use of these funds.
Feature of the method of mutual insurance is that the policyholder is also the buyer of insurance services, and co-owners of the insurance fund established under a separate business entity carrying out a mutual insurance. This feature manifests itself, inter alia, that the terms of the relationship between the insurer and the insured can not formalized in the individual insurance contract between the insurer and each insured, but the charter of the insurer.
When using the method of mutual insurance management of the production of insurance products is based on the decisions taken at a general meeting of policyholders or their representatives. The responsibility for fulfillment of obligations on insurance benefits, is first and foremost an insurer on behalf of the mutual insurance company. However, if the funds have already formed an insurance fund is not enough for the performance of insurance liabilities, all members of the organization (they are insured), jointly and severally bear subsidiary liability for its obligations.
Mutual insurance is called in Russian science on insurance and non-profit in the Russian legislation [3] because the insurers, who are co-owners fund of funds involved in its design not for profit on invested capital, and to create an insurance product for themselves. However, if as a result of the mutual insurance company is an excess of income over expenditure, the direction of such excess expenditure are determined by the general meeting of policyholders - the members of this organization. Typically, these funds are spent to achieve the statutory goals of the organization.
Historical and contemporary foreign and domestic experience shows that the method of mutual insurance is the foundation of mutual insurance companies, which have different legal forms. Unlike the self-insurance, and mutual insurance insurance product is created not by a single insurer for its own use, and the community of insurers for use by its members, which will occur at this right in accordance with previously agreed. Accordingly, the mutual insurance policyholder is not the same insurer. The insurer is a mutual insurance company, registered in a particular legal form.
All of the above is related solely to such mutual insurance companies (in particular, the mutual insurance company), which insures only its members.
Determination of the mutual insurance as a method of creating insurance products having the above characteristic features, allows us to understand why in a foreign mutual insurance practice to include activities not only mutual insurance companies, but also a number of other organizations (insurance cooperatives, health insurance companies, clubs, Property and Liability Insurance Shipowners (P & I Clubs) and some others). Also, this selection allows you to understand why in force in the Russian Empire from 1866 to 1917. Zemstvo insurance called reciprocal.[Edit] The development of mutual insurance as a method of creating insurance products
In the initial stages of historical development of this method was applied as a fold-out insurance, at a later stage - in the form of insurance a pre-insurance fund.Fold-insurance system - primary, the most primitive type of the method of mutual insurance. In this system, the damage is compensated in advance of the victim is not formed an insurance fund, but by a special layout between community members insured, committed after the onset of the loss is proportional to the value of their property [4].The layout of the damage in this system was carried out among all members of a particular community (for example, participants in the caravan merchant) in accordance with their prior agreement. Pre-determined circumstances damages, which may be caused by one of them, the proportion of participation in the formulation of monetary insurance fund for such compensation. The actual amount of contribution to the fund is calculated only after the accident. The process of creating insurance products in this primitive way in the early stages of its development has had a number of distinctive features:1.priobretenie eligible for an insurance product (ie, to obtain compensation for damages that may arise in the future) is not supported by cash flow. In fact, community members created an insurance product at the time of the indemnification to a member of the community.2.raskladochnaya system was not connected with the activity of a specialized entity. Since no formation of a special fund of material goods in advance, there was no need for an organization that specializes in the creation of a insurance products.3.uchastniki community policyholders showed entrepreneurial initiative to achieve the requirements necessary for each of them an insurance product. This initiative was the fact that they created an insurance product is not alone, every man for himself (as in self-insurance), and together with other people they have a similar need.4.vse community members insurers jointly and severally accountable for the establishment of an insurance product for each of them upon the occurrence of pre-specified circumstances.5.fakticheskaya layout of loss among policyholders is determined only after the accident.With the development of economic relations between insurers began to unite the potential of long-term community, which could as a basis for its activities not only to use fold-out system, but also a system of a pre-insurance fund.Insurance system is a pre-insurance fund - a version of the method of mutual insurance, better than a fold-out system.When using a pre-insurance fund is necessary in the service organization which is responsible for collecting contributions, maintaining the insurance fund, the organization paid insurance claims. Managing an organization on the basis of decisions taken by the general meeting of its policyholders, members or their representatives. Thus appears the right of insurers, making contributions to the insurance fund for the joint ownership of the fund. Insurers are also jointly and severally liable for performance of obligations under an insurance payment of damages to the victim a member of the community. In case of insufficiency of funds collected in advance for payment of insurance compensation for all claims, insurers - the members of the mutual insurance company are free to decide on further action. There may be two possible solutions:1. reduce the amount of insurance money in proportion to all claims;2. bring together the remaining amount of funds.[Edit]
Birth of a mutual insurance refers to the period of existence of the most ancient civilizations (see Laws of Hammurabi).
The Russian scientist, KG Roach in the monograph published in 1925, identified three stages of development of insurance as a special type of activity [5]:the first stage (the old time - The Middle Ages) - there was the idea of the distribution of losses, falling on one person in a group of persons, but there was no specially created for that organization;the second phase (new time) - there are individual companies engaged in insurance as their fishing;the third stage (from the second half of H1H.) - the state enters into the arena of insurance. It carries the idea of security in the broad masses of the population, creating a special type of compulsory insurance of working.
Mutual Insurance were present at each of these stages.
In the first stages of development of these occurred on the basis of the insurance fold-out system. [4] - the primary, the most primitive types of the method of mutual insurance. With fold-out system, there were no specialized organization, which led to focused efforts to develop insurance products.
The first known today the establishment of insurance products on fold-out system are 1792-1750 years. BC Participants agreed trade caravans on joint damage in case of its occurrence on the road at any of them due to burglary, theft or loss. Such agreements were concluded in Babylonia, Palestine, Syria, in the event of case, the mercy of predatory animals, theft or disappearance of a pack animal, which belonged to the caravan party, on the shores of the Persian Gulf, in Phoenicia and ancient Greece - in case of losses from shipwrecks and other marine hazards. [ 6]
Further development of business initiatives aimed at creating insurance products, reflected in the fact that there was this kind of mutual insurance, in which the insurance fund required for the materialization of an insurance product, was formed in advance, before the need to compensate for the damage.
Widely known Roman College, which existed in the early first millennium BC, whose activities were based on the method of mutual insurance with pre-formation of the insurance fund to provide financial support to its members in case of illness, injury, and other similar events. Members of professional colleges in accordance with the rules in effect when you receive them paid a lump sum payment and later make regular contributions. In the case of the death of a member of the board of its fund heirs were paid predetermined summa.Posle collapse of the Roman Empire College ceased to exist.
As you know, in the first century AD and in the Middle Ages was dominated by a natural type of economy. During this period, the commodity-money relations were scarcely found, but they existed. In particular, trading craft products developed under each of the feudal state, and international trade in luxury goods. In these circumstances the representatives of those classes that do not lead a subsistence economy, and income received in cash - merchants and artisans, arose the possibility of creating insurance products in the form of money. For this method was the only possible early in the development of market relations - mutual insurance.
Using the method of mutual insurance companies due to the fact that he let out insurance at a time when it was not possible to calculate the probability of occurrence of insured events (as yet non-existent data sets based on an analysis of which could make a prediction about the probability of occurrence of an event, as well as the necessary mathematical tools.)The Middle Ages in Europe were characterized by carrying out insurance activities on the basis of mutual insurance. The most widespread such insurance was in Western Europe in the X-XII centuries.
Go to the second phase of development of insurance, a dedicated KG Roach was carried out gradually, as there is an allocation of economic entities, which were the subject of the formation of the insurance fund organization, preservation, and the organization and conduct of the insurance payments. In other words, began to appear specialized insurers who create insurance products on the basis of mutual insurance. And they are not always known as a mutual insurance company. There were other forms of mutual insurance companies (friendly societies, funeral fund, health insurance, etc.).
Friendly societies (friendly societies [7]) were created in England, originally formed manual workers [8]. Anyone entering into a friendly society, was to make an initial contribution and also to give a solemn promise to help other members of the community during tough times. Such assistance is meant for a contribution to society in the amounts and at intervals established by Assembly members. Entry into this society gave the right to receive payment from it in case of illness, the loss of a breadwinner, funeral expenses in case of death of a member of society, as well as to receive medical help to a certain extent. Initially friendly society operated on the basis of fold-out system, and later they began to use the system a pre-insurance fund.
Friendly societies were organized in small villages to large cities. By 1801 in the UK, there were 7200 such companies, uniting 64 800 men in total population of 9 million people [9].
Go mutual insurance company to a higher stage of development associated with the preliminary (before the insured event) the formation of the insurance fund, occurred in different countries at different times. Often, mutual insurance companies that used the fold-out system and system of education from pre-insurance fund, existed at the national insurance markets simultaneously. For example, in Britain in the late XVII - early XVIII centuries. in the field of personal insurance, the insurance company acted widows and orphans and similar societies based on fold-out system.
[Remove]
Mutual insurance as a method of creating insurance products
2 Development of mutual insurance as a method of creating insurance products
3 History
4 Mutual insurance under current conditions
5 Mutual Insurance in Russia
6 Notes
7 Literature
8 See also
[Edit] Mutual insurance as a method of creating insurance products
Mutual insurance is also one of three methods for creating insurance products (in addition to self-insure and commercial insurance), which were developed in the course of economic development of human society.Characteristic features of the method of mutual insurance at the present stage of development:
- Union insured funds in a specially created organization, the insurer for the insurance of their own property interests by the layout of damage to each other;
- Formation of the insurance fund by contributions of each member of the community interested in the insured as a joint property of all members;
- Absence of each insured separately sole right to dispose of the fund and its use;
- Availability of the rights and obligations of insurers to participate in the management, disposal of the fund and the use of the fund;
- The presence of each of the insurers liability for obligations associated with the creation of insurance products at the expense of the fund;
- Allocation of liability for obligations associated with the creation of insurance products, as between the insurer and its policyholders.
When mutual insurance each person (legal or natural) for the insurance of property interests together their material resources with those of others with a similar intention in regard to their own vested interests. This association is based on the agreement of the participants that in order to create insurance products they are complicit in their own means of shaping the insurance fund.
The right of ownership of each of the insured (ie, each participant created community) to make to the fund money is converted to a right of joint ownership of the community insured by means of this fund. This leads to the right of the insured to participate in the creation of insurance products (ie, in the formation of the insurance fund, the management and disposal of them) together with other insurers. The existence of these rights leads to the presence of each of the insured liability insurance liabilities community, he is jointly and severally with other insurers (community members). Thus, the principle of reciprocity is manifested through reciprocal rights to the insurance fund and a mutual responsibility for obligations related to the use of these funds.
Feature of the method of mutual insurance is that the policyholder is also the buyer of insurance services, and co-owners of the insurance fund established under a separate business entity carrying out a mutual insurance. This feature manifests itself, inter alia, that the terms of the relationship between the insurer and the insured can not formalized in the individual insurance contract between the insurer and each insured, but the charter of the insurer.
When using the method of mutual insurance management of the production of insurance products is based on the decisions taken at a general meeting of policyholders or their representatives. The responsibility for fulfillment of obligations on insurance benefits, is first and foremost an insurer on behalf of the mutual insurance company. However, if the funds have already formed an insurance fund is not enough for the performance of insurance liabilities, all members of the organization (they are insured), jointly and severally bear subsidiary liability for its obligations.
Mutual insurance is called in Russian science on insurance and non-profit in the Russian legislation [3] because the insurers, who are co-owners fund of funds involved in its design not for profit on invested capital, and to create an insurance product for themselves. However, if as a result of the mutual insurance company is an excess of income over expenditure, the direction of such excess expenditure are determined by the general meeting of policyholders - the members of this organization. Typically, these funds are spent to achieve the statutory goals of the organization.
Historical and contemporary foreign and domestic experience shows that the method of mutual insurance is the foundation of mutual insurance companies, which have different legal forms. Unlike the self-insurance, and mutual insurance insurance product is created not by a single insurer for its own use, and the community of insurers for use by its members, which will occur at this right in accordance with previously agreed. Accordingly, the mutual insurance policyholder is not the same insurer. The insurer is a mutual insurance company, registered in a particular legal form.
All of the above is related solely to such mutual insurance companies (in particular, the mutual insurance company), which insures only its members.
Determination of the mutual insurance as a method of creating insurance products having the above characteristic features, allows us to understand why in a foreign mutual insurance practice to include activities not only mutual insurance companies, but also a number of other organizations (insurance cooperatives, health insurance companies, clubs, Property and Liability Insurance Shipowners (P & I Clubs) and some others). Also, this selection allows you to understand why in force in the Russian Empire from 1866 to 1917. Zemstvo insurance called reciprocal.[Edit] The development of mutual insurance as a method of creating insurance products
In the initial stages of historical development of this method was applied as a fold-out insurance, at a later stage - in the form of insurance a pre-insurance fund.Fold-insurance system - primary, the most primitive type of the method of mutual insurance. In this system, the damage is compensated in advance of the victim is not formed an insurance fund, but by a special layout between community members insured, committed after the onset of the loss is proportional to the value of their property [4].The layout of the damage in this system was carried out among all members of a particular community (for example, participants in the caravan merchant) in accordance with their prior agreement. Pre-determined circumstances damages, which may be caused by one of them, the proportion of participation in the formulation of monetary insurance fund for such compensation. The actual amount of contribution to the fund is calculated only after the accident. The process of creating insurance products in this primitive way in the early stages of its development has had a number of distinctive features:1.priobretenie eligible for an insurance product (ie, to obtain compensation for damages that may arise in the future) is not supported by cash flow. In fact, community members created an insurance product at the time of the indemnification to a member of the community.2.raskladochnaya system was not connected with the activity of a specialized entity. Since no formation of a special fund of material goods in advance, there was no need for an organization that specializes in the creation of a insurance products.3.uchastniki community policyholders showed entrepreneurial initiative to achieve the requirements necessary for each of them an insurance product. This initiative was the fact that they created an insurance product is not alone, every man for himself (as in self-insurance), and together with other people they have a similar need.4.vse community members insurers jointly and severally accountable for the establishment of an insurance product for each of them upon the occurrence of pre-specified circumstances.5.fakticheskaya layout of loss among policyholders is determined only after the accident.With the development of economic relations between insurers began to unite the potential of long-term community, which could as a basis for its activities not only to use fold-out system, but also a system of a pre-insurance fund.Insurance system is a pre-insurance fund - a version of the method of mutual insurance, better than a fold-out system.When using a pre-insurance fund is necessary in the service organization which is responsible for collecting contributions, maintaining the insurance fund, the organization paid insurance claims. Managing an organization on the basis of decisions taken by the general meeting of its policyholders, members or their representatives. Thus appears the right of insurers, making contributions to the insurance fund for the joint ownership of the fund. Insurers are also jointly and severally liable for performance of obligations under an insurance payment of damages to the victim a member of the community. In case of insufficiency of funds collected in advance for payment of insurance compensation for all claims, insurers - the members of the mutual insurance company are free to decide on further action. There may be two possible solutions:1. reduce the amount of insurance money in proportion to all claims;2. bring together the remaining amount of funds.[Edit]
Birth of a mutual insurance refers to the period of existence of the most ancient civilizations (see Laws of Hammurabi).
The Russian scientist, KG Roach in the monograph published in 1925, identified three stages of development of insurance as a special type of activity [5]:the first stage (the old time - The Middle Ages) - there was the idea of the distribution of losses, falling on one person in a group of persons, but there was no specially created for that organization;the second phase (new time) - there are individual companies engaged in insurance as their fishing;the third stage (from the second half of H1H.) - the state enters into the arena of insurance. It carries the idea of security in the broad masses of the population, creating a special type of compulsory insurance of working.
Mutual Insurance were present at each of these stages.
In the first stages of development of these occurred on the basis of the insurance fold-out system. [4] - the primary, the most primitive types of the method of mutual insurance. With fold-out system, there were no specialized organization, which led to focused efforts to develop insurance products.
The first known today the establishment of insurance products on fold-out system are 1792-1750 years. BC Participants agreed trade caravans on joint damage in case of its occurrence on the road at any of them due to burglary, theft or loss. Such agreements were concluded in Babylonia, Palestine, Syria, in the event of case, the mercy of predatory animals, theft or disappearance of a pack animal, which belonged to the caravan party, on the shores of the Persian Gulf, in Phoenicia and ancient Greece - in case of losses from shipwrecks and other marine hazards. [ 6]
Further development of business initiatives aimed at creating insurance products, reflected in the fact that there was this kind of mutual insurance, in which the insurance fund required for the materialization of an insurance product, was formed in advance, before the need to compensate for the damage.
Widely known Roman College, which existed in the early first millennium BC, whose activities were based on the method of mutual insurance with pre-formation of the insurance fund to provide financial support to its members in case of illness, injury, and other similar events. Members of professional colleges in accordance with the rules in effect when you receive them paid a lump sum payment and later make regular contributions. In the case of the death of a member of the board of its fund heirs were paid predetermined summa.Posle collapse of the Roman Empire College ceased to exist.
As you know, in the first century AD and in the Middle Ages was dominated by a natural type of economy. During this period, the commodity-money relations were scarcely found, but they existed. In particular, trading craft products developed under each of the feudal state, and international trade in luxury goods. In these circumstances the representatives of those classes that do not lead a subsistence economy, and income received in cash - merchants and artisans, arose the possibility of creating insurance products in the form of money. For this method was the only possible early in the development of market relations - mutual insurance.
Using the method of mutual insurance companies due to the fact that he let out insurance at a time when it was not possible to calculate the probability of occurrence of insured events (as yet non-existent data sets based on an analysis of which could make a prediction about the probability of occurrence of an event, as well as the necessary mathematical tools.)The Middle Ages in Europe were characterized by carrying out insurance activities on the basis of mutual insurance. The most widespread such insurance was in Western Europe in the X-XII centuries.
Go to the second phase of development of insurance, a dedicated KG Roach was carried out gradually, as there is an allocation of economic entities, which were the subject of the formation of the insurance fund organization, preservation, and the organization and conduct of the insurance payments. In other words, began to appear specialized insurers who create insurance products on the basis of mutual insurance. And they are not always known as a mutual insurance company. There were other forms of mutual insurance companies (friendly societies, funeral fund, health insurance, etc.).
Friendly societies (friendly societies [7]) were created in England, originally formed manual workers [8]. Anyone entering into a friendly society, was to make an initial contribution and also to give a solemn promise to help other members of the community during tough times. Such assistance is meant for a contribution to society in the amounts and at intervals established by Assembly members. Entry into this society gave the right to receive payment from it in case of illness, the loss of a breadwinner, funeral expenses in case of death of a member of society, as well as to receive medical help to a certain extent. Initially friendly society operated on the basis of fold-out system, and later they began to use the system a pre-insurance fund.
Friendly societies were organized in small villages to large cities. By 1801 in the UK, there were 7200 such companies, uniting 64 800 men in total population of 9 million people [9].
Go mutual insurance company to a higher stage of development associated with the preliminary (before the insured event) the formation of the insurance fund, occurred in different countries at different times. Often, mutual insurance companies that used the fold-out system and system of education from pre-insurance fund, existed at the national insurance markets simultaneously. For example, in Britain in the late XVII - early XVIII centuries. in the field of personal insurance, the insurance company acted widows and orphans and similar societies based on fold-out system.
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